1
Many medical practices were based on superstition and religion rather than science. Physicians knew little about diseases and treatments.
2
Poor hygiene caused widespread infections. Patients and doctors were unaware of the importance of cleanliness in preventing illness.
3
Patients' blood was drained to restore balance, but it often caused more harm.
4
Overcrowded, unsanitary hospitals spread diseases. Contagious patients were sometimes housed together.
5
Surgery was excruciating without anesthesia. Surgical, amputation, and other procedures were performed without pain relief.
6
Some doctors used superstition, magic, or witchcraft. This caused patients distress with ineffective and bizarre remedies.